Fisika · Bab 1 Gelombang dan Sifat-Sifatnya

Aip Sarifudin

22/08/2021 09:40:46

SMA 12 K-13

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Bab 1 Gelombang dan Sifat-Sifatnya Bab 2 Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya Bab 3 Elektrostatika Bab 4 Induksi Magnet Bab 5 Induksi Elektromagnetik dan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik Bab 6 Teori Kuantum Bab 7 Teori dan Model-Model Atom Bab 8 Teori Relativitas Khusus Bab 9 Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas

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PUSAT PERBUKUANDepartemen Pendidikan Nasional

iiPraktis Belajar Fisikauntuk Kelas XIISekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah AliyahPenulis:Aip SaripudinDede Rustiawan K.Adit SugandaPenyunting:Firdaus SukmonoDebby JuwitaPewajah Isi:Yusuf SobariIlustrator:YudianaPewajah Sampul:DasimanHak Cipta Buku ini dibeli oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasionaldari Penerbit Visindo Media PersadaDiterbitkan oleh Pusat PerbukuanDepartemen Pendidikan NasionalTahun 2009Diperbanyak oleh ....Hak Cipta Pada Departemen Pendidikan NasionalDilindungi Undang-undang530.07AIPAIP Saripudinp Praktis Belajar Fisika 3 : untuk Kelas XII Sekolah Menengah Atas /Madrasah Aliyah Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam / penulis, Aip Saripudin,Dede Rustiawan K, Adit Suganda ; penyunting, Firdaus Sukmono, Debby Juwita; illustrator, Yudiana. — Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan ;Departemen PendidikanNasional, 2009.viii, 260 hlm, : ilus. ; 30 cm.Bibliografi : hlm. 258IndeksISBN 978-979-068-812-4 (No. Jil Lengkap)ISBN 978-979-068-815-51. Fisika-Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul II. Dede Rustiawan KIII. Adit Suganda IV. Firdaus Sukmono V. Debby JuwitaVI. Yudiana

iiiKata SambutanPuji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dankarunia-Nya, Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional,pada tahun 2009, telah membeli hak cipta buku teks pelajaran ini dari penulis/penerbit untuk disebarluaskan kepada masyarakat melalui situs internet(website) Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional.Buku teks pelajaran ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar NasionalPendidikan dan telah ditetapkan sebagai buku teks pelajaran yang memenuhisyarat kelayakan untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran melaluiPeraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 22 Tahun 2007 tanggal 25Juni 2007.Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada parapenulis/penerbit yang telah berkenan mengalihkan hak cipta karyanyakepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional untuk digunakan secara luas olehpara siswa dan guru di seluruh Indonesia.Buku-buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya kepadaDepartemen Pendidikan Nasional ini, dapat diunduh (down load), digandakan,dicetak, dialihmediakan, atau difotokopi oleh masyarakat. Namun, untukpenggandaan yang bersifat komersial harga penjualannya harus memenuhiketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. Diharapkan bahwa buku tekspelajaran ini akan lebih mudah diakses sehingga siswa dan guru di seluruhIndonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di luar negeri dapatmemanfaatkan sumber belajar ini.Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini. Kepadapara siswa kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan manfaatkanlah buku ini sebaik-baiknya. Kami menyadari bahwa buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya.Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik sangat kami harapkan.Jakarta, Juni 2009Kepala Pusat Perbukuan

ivSekarang ini, ilmu dan teknologi berkembang dengan pesat. Seiring denganperkembangan tersebut, Fisika sebagai bagian dari ilmu dan teknologi ikutberkembang pula, baik itu teori maupun penerapannya.Fisika adalah ilmu dasar teknologi. Fakta-fakta kehidupan, seperti gerak,cahaya, optik, kalor, dan materi lain yang sehari-hari digunakan manusia dipelajaridalam Fisika.Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya peningkatan kualitas pendidikan Fisika disekolah agar membentuk manusia yang memiliki daya nalar dan daya pikir yangbaik, kreatif, cerdas dalam memecahkan masalah, serta mampu mengomunikasikangagasan-gagasannya. Pendidikan Fisika harus dapat membantu Anda me-nyongsong masa depan dengan lebih baik.Atas dasar inilah, kami menerbitkan buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini kehadapan Anda, khususnya para siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas. Buku inimenghadirkan aspek kontekstual bagi Anda dengan mengutamakan pemecahanmasalah sebagai bagian dari pembelajaran untuk memberikan kesempatankepada Anda membangun pengetahuan dan mengembangkan potensi diri.Materi dalam buku ini diharapkan dapat membawa Anda untuk memperolehpemahaman tentang ilmu Fisika sebagai proses dan produk. Materi pelajaranFisika yang disajikan bertujuan membekali Anda dengan pengetahuan,pemahaman, dan sejumlah kemampuan untuk memasuki jenjang yang lebih tinggi,serta mengembangkan ilmu Fisika dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Oleh karena itu, mendudukkan Praktis Belajar Fisika hanya sebatas teori didalam kelas, akan membuat siswa kurang memahaminya dan menghambattercapainya tujuan pembelajaran. Melalui buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini, Andadiharapkan dapat menyenangi pelajaran Fisika.Materi-materi bab di dalam buku ini disesuaikan dengan perkembangan ilmudan teknologi terkini. Selain itu, buku ini disajikan dengan bahasa yang mudahdipahami dan komunikatif sehingga seolah-olah Anda berdialog langsung denganpenulisnya. Penulisan buku ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu media atausarana belajar Fisika.Kami menyadari bahwa penerbitan buku ini tidak akan terlaksana denganbaik tanpa dukungan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu, dengan hatiyang tulus, kami ucapkan terima kasih atas dukungan dan bantuan yang diberikan.Semoga buku ini dapat memberi kontribusi bagi perkembangan dan kemajuanpendidikan di Indonesia.Jakarta, Mei 2007 PenerbitKata Pengantar

vBuku Praktis Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII ini terdiri atas sembilan bab,yaitu Gelombang dan Sifat-Sifatnya, Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya, Elektrostatika,Induksi Magnet, Induksi Elektromagnetik dan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik, TeoriKuantum, Teori dan Model-Model Atom, Teori Relativitas Khusus, serta Fisika Intidan Radioaktivitas. Di setiap awal bab disajikan Advance Organizerdan Soal Pramateri. AdvanceOrganizer yang dilengkapi dengan Gambar Pembuka Bab berisi contoh-contohpenerapan atau manfaat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang dapat merangsangkeingintahuan Anda tentang materi yang akan dipelajari. Adapun Soal Pramaterimerupakan uji awal pengetahuan umum Anda tentang materi yang akan dipelajariyang dapat mengembangkan kecakapan personal Anda. Untuk membantu Andamemahami materi pelajaran, Gambar dan Ilustrasi disajikan secara menarik danfaktual. Selain itu, disajikan pula tugas Kerjakanlah yang merupakan tugassederhana berupa soal dan kegiatan ilmiah yang dapat mengembangkankecakapan sosial dan akademik Anda. Ada pula kegiatan Mahir Meneliti danKegiatan Semester yang perlu Anda kerjakan secara mandiri maupunberkelompok. Kedua kegiatan tersebut dapat menumbuhkan semangatkewirausahaan, etos kerja, semangat inovasi/kreativitas, daya saing, kecakapansosial, dan dapat mengembangkan kecakapan hidup (life skill) Anda.Di setiap akhir materi pelajaran disajikan Soal Penguasaan Materi sebagai bahanevaluasi pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah dipelajari, ringkasan materidalam bentuk Rangkuman dan Peta Konsep. Selain itu, di setiap akhir bab dan akhirsemester disajikan Evaluasi Materi Bab dan Evaluasi Materi Semester. Adapun diakhir buku terdapat Evaluasi Materi Akhir Tahun menguji pemahaman Anda setelahmempelajari materi pelajaran selama satu tahun.Materi pelajaran dalam buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini juga disertai denganmateri pengayaan, di antaranya:1.Jangan LupaDisajikan untuk mengingat materi yang telah dipelajari sebelumnya yang dapatmengembangkan kecakapan personal Anda.2.Perlu Anda KetahuiBerisi informasi yang dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda sehinggamendorong Anda untuk mencari informasi lebih jauh.3.Loncatan Kuantum (Quantum Leap)Pengayaan yang bersifat informatif ini disajikan secara bilingual sehinggadapat memperdalam ilmu bahasa Inggris Anda sehingga dapat mengem-bangkan kecakapan personal Anda.4.Jelajah FisikaJelajah Fisika memberikan informasi seputar Fisika termasuk semangat paratokoh Fisika dalam menemukan/menciptakan karyanya dan teknologi dalamdunia Fisika yang dapat menumbuhkan semangat kewirausahaan, etos kerjaserta dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda.5.Perlu Anda KetahuiBerisi informasi yang dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda sehinggamendorong Anda untuk mencari informasi lebih jauh.6.Pembahasan Soal SPMBPembahasan Soal SPMB membahas soal-soal SPMB yang berkaitan denganmateri yang Anda pelajari.7.Solusi CerdasMerupakan pembahasan soal UAN yang diberikan dengan menggunakan solusisecara praktis dan cepat.Untuk membantu Anda dalam menggunakan buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini,pada bagian akhir buku ini disajikan Apendiks, Kamus Fisika, dan Indeks.Sekilas Isi Buku

viKata Sambutan • iiiSekilas Isi Buku • ivKata Pengantar • vA.Medan Magnet ......................................................................... 86B.Gaya Magnet ........................................................................... 95C.Lintasan Partikel Bermuatan dalam Medan Magnet Seragam............100D.Momen Gaya Magnet dan Motor Listrik ....................................... 103Evaluasi Materi Bab 4 ................................................................... 108Kegiatan Semester 1 ............................................................... 111Induksi Magnet ....................................................... 85Bab 4Elektrostatika......................................................... 55A.Benda Bermuatan Listrik ............................................................ 56B.Hukum Coulomb ........................................................................ 58C.Medan Listrik .......................................................................... 62D.Potensial Listrik.......................................................................69E.Kapasitor ................................................................................ 73Evaluasi Materi Bab 3 ..................................................................... 81Bab 3Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya ................................... 23A.Gelombang Bunyi......................................................................24B.Cahaya sebagai Gelombang.........................................................38Evaluasi Materi Bab 2 ..................................................................... 52Bab 2Semester 1Bab 1Gelombang dan Sifat-Sifatnya ....................................... 1A.Istilah-Istilah pada Gelombang........................................................2B.Gelombang Transversal dan Longitudinal..........................................5C. Gelombang Berjalan.....................................................................7D.Gelombang Stasioner..................................................................9E.Energi dan Intensitas Gelombang.................................................12F. Sifat-Sifat Umum Gelombang ......................................................13Evaluasi Materi Bab 1 ..................................................................... 20A.Induksi Elektromagnetik............................................................114B.Beberapa Aplikasi Induksi Elektromagnetik....................................126C.Persamaan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik............................................130D.Resistor, Induktor, dan Kapasitor dalam Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik ... 135E.Rangkaian AC RLCSeri ............................................................ 138F.Daya pada Rangkaian AC..........................................................142Evaluasi Materi Bab 5 ................................................................... 147Evaluasi Materi Semester 1 ..................................................... 151Induksi Elektromagnetik dan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik.... 113Bab 5Daftar Isi

viiA.Struktur Inti .......................................................................... 210B.Radioaktivitas.......................................................................213C.Teknologi Nuklir.......................................................................220Evaluasi Materi Bab 9 ................................................................... 226Kegiatan Semester 2 ............................................................... 229Evaluasi Materi Semester 2..................................................... 231Evaluasi Materi Akhir Tahun .................................................... 234Kunci Jawaban ........................................................................ 240Apendiks ................................................................................. 245Kamus Fisika ........................................................................... 251Indeks.................................................................................... 254Daftar Pustaka ....................................................................... 258Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas ................................... 209Bab 9A.Radiasi Benda Hitam ............................................................... 156B.Efek Fotolistrik dan Teori Foton Einstein.......................................161C.Efek Compton........................................................................164D.Hipotesis de Broglie................................................................165Evaluasi Materi Bab 6 ................................................................... 169Teori Kuantum ...................................................... 155Semester 2Bab 6Teori Relativitas Khusus .......................................... 191A.Teori Relativitas Newton...........................................................192B.Eksperimen Michelson–Morley ................................................... 193C.Postulat Einstein untuk Teori Relativitas Khusus...........................195D.Kesetaraan Massa dan Energi ................................................... 201Evaluasi Materi Bab 8 ................................................................... 206Bab 8A.Teori Atom Dalton ................................................................... 174B.Penemuan Elektron dan Model Atom Thomson...............................174C.Model Atom Rutherford............................................................177D.Spektrum Atom Hidrogen.........................................................178E.Model Atom Bohr .................................................................... 180Evaluasi Materi Bab 7 ................................................................... 188Teori dan Model-Model Atom ................................... 173Bab 7

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